Medical Law Essay Example

Clinical Law Essay Example Clinical Law Paper Clinical Law Paper The case presents guardians contradicting each other over their multi year old minor accepting proceeded with chemotherapy for his leukemia. While kid and mother are against the treatment, father and specialists of the trust need to proceed with treatment so the kid would get by for one more year. The rule the specialist ought to follow is the ‘best-interests’ of the patient paying little heed to the parents’ clashing position. Regardless of whether both the guardians need to cease treatment, the specialist ought not disregard eventual benefits standard since the patient is bumbling to choose. As there is no criticalness if treatment is proceeded, the specialists would be all around encouraged to allude the issue to moral board of trustees in the medical clinic for extreme reference to Court’s proper requests. At any rate until the court is drawn closer, the boy’s treatment should proceed. In England, agree or refusal to treatment by grown-ups is explicitly accommodated uniquely in Mental Health Act clearly because of mental insufficiency. For Children, Family Reform Act 1969 and Children Act 1989 would apply. Youngsters who are 16 or 17 years of age can be treated as grown-ups for assent purposes, however it would not have any significant bearing to refusal. For Children underneath 16, Gillick (1986) case law is of some help. The rule set out all things considered states that if the minor patient is of adequate insight and getting; he/she is considered Gillick skilled to give assent. Refusal to such a treatment previously agreed to whether by minor patient himself or by his folks is to be treated in an alternate point of view. For infants or little youngsters, somebody for their benefit alone can give assent to the greatest advantage of the kid. In the event that there is a contention, court can have superseding capacity to intercede and choose to the greatest advantage of the kids. In re M [1999), 15? year old, Gillick skilled, with an intense cardiovascular breakdown was suggested for heart transplant. In any case, the patient cannot, reluctant to have somebody else’s heart. The specialist concluded that transplant was in the bests interests of the minor patient and in this way it was held to be substantial disregarding refusal. In the moment case, Peter is a multi year old kid experiencing treatment for leukemia which he needs to be stopped because of the excruciating chemotherapy. Since the specialist is feeling that continuation of treatment would guarantee his one more year’s endurance, his dad is eager to proceed with treatment however his mom is standing up to. Since minor has no limit and consequently no self-rule, his refusal can be superseded by the intermediaries of guardians. For this situation there is strife among guardians and the specialist is in danger to singularly proceed or suspend treatment because of the possibility of both of the guardians continuing against him. Despite the fact that the specialist is allowed under law to choose in the ‘best interests’ standard, court intercession will be attractive in the current case on account of the time accessible for taking a choice for continuation or discontinuance. The specialist will be in genuine fix if the choice is to be taken in a split second in which case eventual benefits standard would apply. Accepting this is an instance of contention among guardians and the specialist, area 15. 2 of BMA Guidance will apply (BMA). Again this arrangement requires an appraisal of advantages or weight of treatment. The clinical calling is guided by indistinguishable rules from it would apply on account of a grown-up in comparable circumstance of extreme unavoidable agony and trouble. This takes shape to the standard of eventual benefits of the patient, be a grown-up or a youngster. The General Medical Council’s direction as Good Medical Practice (2006) additionally focuses on the standard of the eventual benefits of the youngster in para no 68 which says that the specialist ought to alongside the guardians or those answerable for the kid survey weights or dangers for the kid and urge the kid likewise to take part in the dynamic procedure predictable with age and development of the kid. Para 69 says that specialist ought to survey limit of the kid to take a specific choice and to comprehend outcomes of treatment or non treatment. Especially paras 72 to 76 urge the specialists accountable for the bumbling patient to accomplish an accord between the two guardians of parental capably without permitting the parent not in consent to veto their proposition. It has been made additionally understood that specialists accountable for the uncouth patient to move toward the issue with sympathy and take the guardians and others worried into certainty so they in their enthusiastic upheaval don't submit blunders in their judgment. On the off chance that still impractical to wipe out contrasts of conclusion among the guardians forestalling treatment, specialists should look for legitimate guidance and get a decision from the courts. In the event that none of them with parental obligation is eager to approve treatment, specialist can not actualize his proposition without court’s administering except if the crisis calls for treatment to the greatest advantage of the kid so as to forestall decay and to spare the child’s life for the present. Regardless court’s extreme requests should be acquired in such circumstances. (GMC) He should likewise consider pertinent laws or legitimate points of reference applicable to the various locales of U. K. In Re J (1990), court held that treatment was not to the greatest advantage of the patient if distress was to an insufferable degree. In the event that the specialist gives treatment which would include physical assessment, medical procedure, or dressing an injury without a substantial assent, he would be held obligated for battery. Regardless of whether treatment is proceeded after the assent is pulled back, it would add up to battery. In regard of Devi [1980], specialist was held obligated for battery for leading hysterectomy which the patient had comprehended as having assented for just fix of her uterus. In what is know as Glass case, Jones and Samanta (2004) report that for a situation that surfaced under the watchful eye of European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), mother demanded retaining her assent which specialists opposed and gave clinical treatment on two events with a purpose to give him palliative consideration for a withering patient. The youngster has endure even today however the specialists acted to the greatest advantage of the kid. The ECHR granted expenses to David’s mother finding that specialists neglected to exhibit adequate crisis to act in the child’s eventual benefits. To sum things up, the case was about Davis Glass, the patient conceived in 1986 as intellectually and genuinely debilitated who had been under 24 hour care and consideration by his mom and relatives. As he was not considered by them as critically ill, relatives trusted he would endure his typical life expectancy. During 1998, he must be admitted to the Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust for a tonsillectomy. His postoperative condition got entangled and after a few endeavors of revivals, specialist felt his condition had become terminal and further serious consideration would not be proper. In any case, family felt specialists were not interventional enough as he was brought into the world impaired and sure amazing. Luckily, David recouped and was released. On the following readmission, specialists needed to utilize sedatives in his treatment as a piece of palliative consideration to remember him of torment, nervousness and misery. This was not settled upon by his mom who kept up that the specialists were endeavoring incognito willful extermination and requested he be put to full revival with intubation if there should be an occurrence of heart failure. Specialists held the view that it would not be suitable and requested legitimate exhortation. The specialist exhorted no court’s point of reference existed declining doctor’s choice to give palliative consideration to an awkward patient and who is critically ill. This time likewise David improved and was sent home. Be that as it may, on a readmission some time later, he was determined to have a terminally respiratory disappointment condition and thus was instructed organization with respect to Diamorphine for relief from discomfort and to liberate him from trouble. Yet, the mother wouldn't accept that he was biting the dust and didn't consent to the organization of Diamorphine which she felt would ruin his odds of recuperation. In spite of her booking, medical clinic gave in the Diamorphine and after a great deal of uproar as result due to David’s mother’s response, the patient shockingly recuperated while the two specialists and the patient’s mother had arrived at resolution that he was biting the dust. The creators presume that current case law and rules are not adequate to take care of such issues of whether specialists have acted to the greatest advantage of the patients or not. Citing Glass case, Hagger LE (2004) says that wellbeing experts ought to guarantee that their activities are evident so they are not blamed for having acted in scurry and that if arrangements of Human Rights Act 1998 are seen practically speaking, there will be no drop out. In spite of the fact that the accompanying case isn't clinical law related, it would be of help with the instance of debates between guardians over their child’s right. The case included strict childhood and circumcision of the youngster. Mother was a Christian and father, a Muslim. They were both non-rehearsing. Their multi year old kid had procured a blended legacy and mainstream way of life by being raised by his mom and remaining in contact with his dad. Under area 8 of the Children’s Act, father applied for boy’s circumcision which the High Court declined. The Lordship found that circumcision would be a greater amount of an exemption than the standard since the kid was being raised in non-Muslim circle. Despite the fact that father advanced guaranteeing that kid was brought into the world a Muslim and unimportant division would not render him a non-Muslim, the court held that s 1 (7) of the Children Act doesn't permit a parent to let his child experience circumcision without the assent of the other espe

Art Show On the UWG Campus essays

Craftsmanship Show On the UWG Campus expositions The workforce workmanship show at the University of West Georgia grounds was different and entrancing. The various pieces in this show were done in an assortment of styles, for example, photography, watercolor, metalwork, and figure. There were additionally a wide range of subjects being depicted. The most widely recognized topic was scene. Despite the fact that each bit of craftsmanship was imaginative and intriguing in its own regard, an artwork by Clint Samples is the thing that I will examine. The artistic creation Gallatin River II by Clint Samples was perfectly done in watercolor. The hues utilized were delicate and the dull and light hues mixed well together. The paint-brush strokes in smooth, flat lines gave the impression of development. The craftsman drives the onlooker through the composition from the upper right-hand corner to the lower left comparing to the visual development. The concealing on the rocks, the plants, and on the water itself gave the picture profundity. The subject of nature in this piece just as the style in which it was done, and the hues and strategy utilized, give this artistic creation a delicate and quiet feel. The most prevailing component is line, however the shapes were nebulous. I picked this bit of work because on the grounds that I was promptly attracted to it. It grabbed my eye in view of how smooth the surface was and how delicate and agreeable the hues were. The composition was reasonable and spellbinding. I truly delighted in looking at it in light of the fact that, albeit the vast majority of the shapes were enormous and the hues were layered to give it more measurement, I was as yet astounded to discover littler, progressively intentional subtleties that additional a contemplative quality to it. It was similarly as excellent as though it were a photo. ... <!

Nobodys Got No Class!

Nobody’s Got No Class! (Its from Chicago, people) I was browsing through the MIT Course Catalog, and thought these classes looked pretty thought-provoking. (I stuck only to classes that were offered this fall.) Feel free to add your own favorites. SEM.142 Sex and the [City] Institute: An Exploration of Gender Roles and Sexuality Ms. Laura Anne Stuart, MIT Medical Department Units: 2-0-4 [P/D/F] Using the popular cable television series Sex and the City as a catalyst for discussion, seminar participants will examine gender roles, gender stereotypes, and sexuality. We will especially focus on changes in gender role and expectation over the past two decades and the impact that Sex and the City and other media have had on current college students perceptions and behaviors. Topics of interest will include: dating, relationships, sexual health, balancing plans for career and family, body image, and sexual orientation. Seminar participants will also explore whether experiences of characters in Sex and the City are generalizable to people of differing racial, ethnic and economic backgrounds. Students enrolled in the seminar will be required to actively participate in class discussion and to complete a final written project. No prior knowledge of Sex and the City is required to participate in the seminar. Both men and women are welcome and encouraged to enroll. Limited to 20 student s. + = ?!?!?!?! Lots more, so keep reading! 1.002J Colossal Failures in Engineering (Same subject as 3.001J, 10.06J, 22.001J, ESD.032J) Prereq: Units: 4-0-8 Case studies of known colossal failures from different engineering disciplines. Includes the collapse of the World Trade Center, the Columbia Space Shuttle accident, and the melt down at Chernobyl. Basic engineering principles are stressed with descriptions of how the project was supposed to work, what actually went wrong, and what has been done to prevent such failures from reoccurring. Can be substituted for one CI-HASS subject. O. Buyukozturk, T. Eagar, A. Kadak, J. Freidberg, B. S. Johnston 4.605 Introduction to the History and Theory of Architecture Prereq: Units: 4-0-8 Provides an outline of the history of architecture and urbanism from Ancient Egypt to the present. Analyzes buildings as the products of culture and in relation to the special problems of architectural design. History of architecture with an urbanist perspective that stresses the cultural and political context from which building arises. Designed to develop critical tools used in the analysis and appreciation of architecture for its role in creating the intellectual environment in which we conduct our lives. Required of Course IV majors. Instruction and practice in oral and written communication provided. D. H. Friedman 7.24 The Protein Folding Problem (Subject meets with 5.48J, 7.88J, 10.543J) Prereq: 7.05 or 5.07 Units: 4-2-6 Mechanisms by which the amino acid sequence of polypeptide chains determines their three-dimensional conformation. Topics include: sequence determinants of secondary structure; folding of newly synthesized polypeptide chains within cells; unfolding and refolding of proteins in vitro; folding intermediates aggregation and competing off-pathway reactions; role of chaperonins, isomerases, and other helper proteins; protein recovery problems in the biotechnology industry; diseases associated with protein folding defects. J. A. King 8.261J Introduction to Computational Neuroscience (Same subject as 9.29J) Prereq: 18.03 and 8.02 or permission of instructor Units: 4-0-8 Mathematical introduction to the biophysics and circuits underlying neural computation. Topics include: neuronal excitability, dendrites and cable theory, models of synaptic transmission, single-neuron dynamics, oscillators and sequence generation, computation and dynamics in simple neuronal networks. Concepts applied to simple computing circuits in the behaving animal. M. Fee 9.22J A Clinical Approach to the Human Brain (New) (Same subject as HST.422J) Units: 3-0-9 Introduction to normal and abnormal human brain functioning, including the cellular basis of activity-dependent development, critical periods, and plasticity of the brain through learning; neurotransmitters and emotional disorders; fMRI studies of vision, language, dyslexia, motor function, pain, placebo effects and emotional states. Hawkins hypothesis describing how the brain works. Implications for education, prevention of dementia and dyslexia. Enrollment limited to 25. T. N. Byrne 11.017 Urban Space and Society (New) Units: 3-0-9 Focuses on how the spaces of the modern city relate to its social life. Explores six conditions of urban space: the positive aspects of density; the qualities of liveliness; the distinction between borders and boundaries; the dilemmas of security; the problems of monotony and repetition; the nature of complexity and mixed use. Relates these conditions to sociological analyses and debates about crowding, impersonality and community, segregation, the operations of power, networks and personal freedom in the city. Combines lectures on social theory with field-work in which students illustrate a spatial-social issue photographically and discuss the result. R. Sennett (A little biased because Im an econ major) 14.21J Health Economics (Same subject as HST.901J) Prereq: 14.01 Units: 3-0-9 Applies theoretical and empirical tools of economics to problems of health and medical care delivery. Concentrates on selected problems such as the welfare economics of health as a commodity, hospitals and the nonprofit sector, human capital and medical manpower, and innovation in medicine. J. E. Harris 14.41 Public Finance and Public Policy Prereq: 14.01 Units: 4-0-8 Explores the role of government in the economy, applying tools of basic microeconomics to answer important policy questions such as government response to global warming, school choice by K-12 students, Social Security versus private retirement savings accounts, national versus price controlled health insurance, setting income tax rates for individuals and corporations. J. Gruber 16.30 Estimation and Control of Aerospace Systems Prereq: 16.06 or 16.060 or 2.010 or 6.302 Units: 3-0-9 The design of control systems using frequency domain and state space techniques. Control law design using Nyquist diagrams and Bode plots. State feedback, state estimation, and the design of dynamic control laws. Elementary analysis of nonlinearities and their impact on control design. Extensive use of computer-aided control design tools. Applications to various aerospace systems including navigation, guidance, and control of vehicles. E. Feron 18.310 Principles of Applied Mathematics Prereq: 18.02 Units: 3-0-9 Study of illustrative topics in discrete applied mathematics including sorting algorithms, information theory, coding theory, secret codes, generating functions, linear programming, game theory. P. W. Shor 21A.219J Law and Society (Same subject as 11.163J, 17.249J) Prereq: Units: 3-0-9 Subject studies legal reasoning, types of law and legal systems, and relationship of law to social class and social change. Emphasis on the profession and practice of law including legal education, stratification within the bar, and the politics of legal services. Investigation of emerging issues in the relationship between institutions of law and science. Enrollment limited. S. Silbey MAS.234J Perception, Knowledge, and Cognition (Same subject as 9.34J) Prereq: 9.00 or permission of instructor Units: 3-0-6 The acquisition and communication of knowledge demands a coherent cognitive framework within which we can reason about events and states in the world. Subject examines what frameworks are plausible, and how these choices affect our deductive and creative processes. Material includes world regularities and perceptual inference, causal reasoning, representational forms, belief structures, mental models, man-machine control, and discourse. W. A. Richards

Critical Thinking Sociological Imagination - 908 Words

Major points One of the major points in chapter one is Sociological Imagination which is a connection between a person’s person life and social factors that play a role in affecting someone’s life. For example a young man was just released from prison, he searches for a job. Due to his criminal record employers will not hire him. As a last resort he turns back on his old ways of illegal activity. The personal issue here is that the young man cannot find a job but the social factor is there is not many job out there for felons. I believe Social Imagination is meant to open our minds to think in a wider aspect of why some of our problems occur. Another major point in chapter one is called Critical Thinking. Critical Thinking is the processes of being able to agree with a statement by looking at what facts and evidence can back it up. Wade and Tavis created a simple six plan rule to help us think in a more critical way. It consists of six steps. The first one being able to ask tough questions that other might be afraid to ask tough questions others might be afraid to. Step number to be to be able to think clearly and consider all the evidence to explain your argument. Next is to be opened minded and think of how someone else’s agreement or disagreement might also be correct. After that we should always look at the big picture analyzing a problem and lastly be able to admit when you’re wrong. Agreement Emile Durkheim talks about how social facts beliefs and social duties canShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes Critical Social Work?817 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"What Makes Critical Social Work Critical?† Sara A. Lee #214483622 York University Dr. Chris Chapman SOWK 1011: Section A Tutorial 6: Sasan Issari November 9th, 2015 â€Å"What makes critical social work, critical?† In order to define critical social work, one must define the concept of social work - and in defining social work, one must also define critical thinking, and critical consciousness. This paper will attempt to define such concepts and ideologies and it will address and includeRead MoreSociology Imagination833 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined sociological imagination as the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society. The sociological imagination is the capacity to shift from one perspective to another: from the political to the psychological; from examination of a single family to comparative assessment of the national budgets of the world; from the theological school to the military establishment; from considerations of an oil industry to studies of contemporary poetry.[1] Sociological Imagination:Read MoreSociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills969 Words   |  4 Pages C. Wright Mills defined sociological imagination as the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society. Understanding and being able to exercise the sociological imagination helps us understand the relationship between the individual and society. Mills focuses on the distinction between personal troubles and public issues. Having sociological imagination is critical for individual people and societies at large to understand. It is important that people areRead MoreEssay on The Sociological Imagination1389 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal condensed definition of â€Å"the sociological imagination† is that it is the idea one should be aware of the societal structures around themselves, and how those structures can influence a person and vice-versa. In addition, I think that having a â€Å"sociological imagination† also involves a de ep appreciation for the importance of society and culture. Consequently, for a person that has completed a basic introduction to sociology college course and actually paid attention, I would hope thatRead MoreSociological Imagination s Critical Review1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sociological Imagination Critical Review Essay â€Å"The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. This is its task and its promise.† C. Wright Mills writes about the sociological imagination in an attempt to have society become aware of the relationship between one’s personal experience in comparison to the wider society. By employing the sociological imagination into the real world, individuals are forced to perceiveRead MoreBriefly Outline the Distinctive Features of the Sociological Approach to Understanding Human Life and the Illustrate How You Would Use Sociology to Make Sense of Globalisation.1554 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is the systematic, sceptical and critical study of the way that people do things together .It’s not a science that simply lists facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness, a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the world. It welcomes you to challenge the obvious, to question the world as it is taken for granted and to de-familiarising the familiar. This is what empowers critical thinking which triggers the development of the understanding of the humanRead MoreObesity as a Social Issue Essays869 Words   |  4 Pagesas a person trouble, when looked at globally, is in fact a social issue. This idea is referred to by C.Mills as the sociological imagination. The sociological imagination according to C. Wright Mills is an idea which gives an individual the ability to understand the connection between a problem and the history of that problem (Mills, 2000).He states that the sociological imagination is â€Å"A quality of mind that will help use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations ofRead MoreSociology and Psychology 823 Words   |  4 Pageswhich social structure and institutions affect our everyday life. Sociological imagination was founded by C. Wright mills in the 1950`s it is an overall understanding of that some of the things that happen in society may lead to a particular outcome. Mills said it is â€Å"the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and wider society.† sociological imagination can also be defined as the ability to look at how sociological situations can unfold due to how everyone is different. The way weRead MoreSociological Imagination Summary1307 Words   |  6 PagesAns: In the book â€Å"The Sociological Imagination†, the author C. Wright Mills begins by describing the perilous situation of the American man during the 1950s. He describes they situation as one of internment and frailty. Mills sees men as restricted by the routines of their daily lives. They go to their jobs and become workers, they go home and are family men. The American men of the 1950s were in a state of powerlessness due to the effects of World War Two and the looming threat of nuclear warfareRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills1315 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. This is its task and its promise.† C. Wright Mills writes about the sociological imagination in an attempt to have society become aware of the relationship between one’s personal experience in comparison to the wider society. By employing the soci ological imagination into the real world, individuals are forced to perceive, from a neutral position, social structures that, in

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1119 Words

Money and Reputation During the 1920’s, most Americans cared about their wealth and social standing. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald displays the characters striving for happiness, love, and wealth, in which none of the characters can have all of the options in the life they have. He does this to explain his own struggle with his American dream by never having a lot of money, never being a very successful writer, and losing his golden girl. Fitzgerald portrays his pessimistic view on the struggle of fulfilling the American dream by portraying different types of people trying to achieve their own dreams with the obstacles of social status, and the influence of reputation getting in the way of their individual dreams. To begin,†¦show more content†¦Myrtle understands that if she stays with George she won t ever get away from the working class. She’s escaping her poor reality, and she desperately needs Tom for his money and power but not for his company or happiness. Myrtle doesn’t have money or come from money, but by surrounding herself with Tom, a man who comes from old money, this allows her to have a more privileged life that her husband can’t provide for her. In addition, Nick observes how Gatsby made up an imaginary life which he lived through, â€Å"So he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end†(98). Nick sees how Gatsby built up his whole life over a decision he made as a young man. Being the determined man Gatsby is, he stuck with his ideal life. Gatsby made this perfect life to escape his reality and impress Daisy as well as other people around him. Since Gatsby went from rags to riches, and had an amazing social life, he isn’t respected like the Buchanans. He isn’t from old money or a family of money. Without the title of old money, Gatsby is unable to live this dream of his. He may have money, he just doesn’t have the titlement to impress and get his golden girl for himself. While both characters originate from lower classes, both Gatsby and Myrtle try to move up their social statuses doing anything it take to impress people with money,

Cheap Amusement Book Review Free Essays

Dereck Rickman Scott Keys History 9September2012 In the book, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York, Piess takes the reader on the journey of trials and tribulations in working-class women’s lives in the turn of the century. Going in depth of the unfair familial roles and societal female disparities, all the way to what women liked to wear and do for leisure, Piess allows the reader to step into a time machine and gives them a first-class look into what a woman’s daily life was like in late 1800’s and early 1900’s. By using ‘expert’ sources and ‘investigators’, Piess succeeds in her goal by honing in on a specific time and topic which allowed the reader to feel as if they were reading an in-depth history textbook on the matter, but failed at providing deeper substance and backbone through concrete details. We will write a custom essay sample on Cheap Amusement Book Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starting off by explaining the typical family roles in the turn of the century, Piess expresses how while the men may spend his evenings at a local saloon, at a baseball game or reading his daily paper, the women would often be expected to work her â€Å"double day†. Piess explains this concept of the double day to be that the woman is expected to go about her daily work day of typically â€Å"domestic servants, needlewomen, laundresses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Peiss 1986), and come home to start her other job, being the housewife. The housewife duties usually entailed cooking, cleaning, washing, scrubbing, and most importantly†¦ making her husband and kids happy. All the while, when the woman got her hard earned paycheck, it was expected to go towards family needs. Even as young women in the family home, young working girls were expected to hand over their paychecks in their entirety while their male counterparts were only asked for a small portion of their earnings. Even though women were getting paid at lower wages and it being justified because women were seen as â€Å"temporary wage-earners who worked only until marriage† (Peiss 1986), Piess automatically shows the struggles and disparities women faced in the work field and even at the home front. Even if the young girl or woman say the disparities for what they were, she were to keep her opinions of the unjust actions to herself or she would find herself alienated and estranged from her own family. Even though the disparities and unequal behavior was seen and picked up throughout the book, Piess moves on to lighter topics such as leisure and fashion. â€Å"Not content with the quiet recreation in the home, they [women] sought adventure in dance halls, cheap theaters, amusement parks, excursion boats, and picnic grounds† (Peiss 1986). Women would often time seek refuge through the cheap amusements they would find in their spare time. If not the small concept of gossiping on the walk home from work, going to parks, or catching a small gossip break at work, women would often frequent the local dance halls where most of the time their admission was waived or lowered. These dance halls were a way for women to dress in their flashiest attire, talk in their unladylike manner, be pursued by the opposite sex, consume alcoholic beverages, and let loose on the dance floor. When it came to fashion and and the pursuance of men in the dance halls, the two went hand and hand. Piess found that a pair of sisters frequently opted out of such social gatherings simply because they could not afford the fashion to attract the likes of the opposite sex; â€Å"’We have not the money for pretty clothes to attract the boys who would really care for us and of course we have no money to pay for our own amusement, and as a result we stay at home’† (Peiss 1986). Even if it was a new hat to wear to work, women would find the means to get their feminine itch for retail†¦ even if it meant going without a meal or walking the great lengths to work. Even when women were at the leisure, they were still being treated as unequal partners to the superior man. When out at a dance hall, men would choose who they wish to dance with and it was customary for women, like it or not, dance with the man who chose them for at least the remainder of one song. Peiss explains a process that was customary at dance halls and is even seen at modern day clubs, â€Å"At the beginning of a dance, women would dance together, with the men watching them from the sidelines; then ‘the boys step out, two at a time, separate the girls, and dance off in couples’† (Peiss 1986). The aforementioned process was known as â€Å"breaking† in which the women involved had no say in who she wished to dance with. If a man were to â€Å"treat† a woman, it was only polite that the woman dish out something in return. Be it flirtatious notions or sexual gestures, women were expected and most of the time willful partner in the prostitution-like proposition of the male and female interaction. â€Å"’Many women do their washing in this yard,’ noted a middle-class tenement inspector† (Peiss 1986). Piess uses inspectors and random sources throughout her book as guides to prove or solidify her point. What I was very curious about was who these people were in which she was quoting. I do appreciate the fact that she uses outside sources, but who are these outside sources and how reliable can they be? When it comes to her more specific sites, such as, â€Å"’Some never boarded a street car for an evening’s ride without planning days ahead how they could spare the nickel from their lunch or clothes money’ noted reformer Esther Packard, describing women who lived on six dollars a week† (Peiss 1986), Peiss never goes into depth who the source is or a deeper back-story to the individual that the reader would really be inclined to know. When Piess was able to give names to the quotes she used, it showed credibility and left the reader wanting more of an understanding of the person’s story. Though Peiss did a phenomenal job at proving her thesis in the sense of giving a book on a specific time and topic, she failed to give the reader some real life backbone through a more personal aspect. The reader is left feeling the need of wanting more from the sources rather than from Peiss as a historian. Just as a simple observation was made throughout the length of the book, it seems that Peiss may have been suggesting a certain parallel that is seen in the 1890’s-1920’s in comparison to today’s world. When referring to the saloons and how women who came unescorted by a male counterpart was seen as â€Å"fair game†. In today’s world, if a woman attends a bar without a man, she is also seen as such game. Though the dangers as being seen as a prostitute are not paralleled between the two different eras, the concept of men pursuing an unescorted female in such a setting remains consistent. In another similar tone, the notion Peiss points out of dance halls either lowering their fares for women or waving the fare altogether is consistent with the parallel thought of clubs often times lowering or waving cover charges for women for the simple fact of luring women into their establishments. Peiss explains that owners of dance halls would alter their fees for women because women were usually unable to afford the fee and the owners really wanted more women, like today, to be at their establishment so the men would also come and lavish the women with drinks. Other similarities are seen throughout Peiss’ work such as women going on outings in pairs or groups of women, and also how when on the outings their â€Å"popularity† with the men is dependent on their willingness and capability to drink alcohol. An Appalachian State University student, John C. McKnight at www. scribd. com boldly and confidently states, â€Å"Her study should be considered a valuable source by all historians and should become a reoccurring theme of the Gilded and Progressive Era as far as the history of American woman is concerned† (McKnight 2011). Though I could understand where Mr. McKnight is coming from as far as the history aspect is concerned, to go as far as to openly say that this piece of work should be considered a valuable source and should become a reoccurring them is a tad outlandish. As far as a concentrated topic of a forty year time span is concerned, Peiss did a phenomenal job at capturing the essence of a fairly large group of women. But the fact of the matter is that Peiss only concerned herself with a forty year window of a specific gender, of a specific class. Moreover, it took her nearly two hundred pages to repeat her central idea several times over. Peiss, though could manage to make her book a less repetitive insight into working women’s leisure, did a great job at showing the reader what life looked like at the turn of the century for working class women. Peiss created a very narrow window for the reader to look into and gave them a concentrated view of what a certain time frame looked like for a specific group of people in a certain social class. The book was very well organized and was interesting in its topic of choice. I believe that this is an â€Å"O. K. † book for historians to engage in. Besides the book’s incredible organization and interesting topic, the book itself is very repetitive and I believe too concentrated to take much more than needed on the concept of working-class women and their leisure time in the turn of the century. Bib Mcknight, John C. â€Å"Cheap Amusements Review. † Scribd. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Sept. 2012. http://www. scribd. com/doc/16674845/Cheap-Amusements-Review. How to cite Cheap Amusement Book Review, Essay examples

The Murder of Biggie Smalls free essay sample

Setting Christopher Wallace was raised in the Bedford-Study. Jeans section of Brooklyn, Wallace grew up in neighboring Clinton Hill. Biggie also went to the private Roman Catholic Bishop Laughlin Memorial High School in the same area of his home. In 1991 Biggie was arrested in North Carolina for dealing drugs. He spent nine months in the jail, until he was bailed out. In February 1997, Wallace traveled to California to promote his upcoming album and to record a music video for the single Hypnotize.On March 9, 1997, Baggies rap career came to an end, Wallace was killed by an unknown male In a drive-by shooting n Los Angles. Short Summary In 1994, Biggie was accused of the shooting on former friend Outpace Shaker. His hip- hop career was focused by the struggle between Bad Boy Records and Death Row Records, which occupied most of his life. Outpace was shot multiple times In a drive-by shooting in Lass Vegas on September 7, 1996. We will write a custom essay sample on The Murder of Biggie Smalls or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rumors of Baggies involvement in Tubas murder were showing up almost immediately. Biggie Smalls, age 24, was pronounced dead at 1 5 A. M. On Sunday, March 1997.He was cut down in a fashion eerily similar to that of Outpace Shaker: on a crowded street ring a drive-by shooting In a bold attack In front of hundreds of potential witnesses, attending an out-of-town party. Baggies death shook the Hip-Hop world, and because of it, hip-hop has never been the same. Unfortunately, Baggies murder was not the last in the rap scene. From Outpace Shaker to Big L, murderous violence has taken the lives of rappers before they were able to show their true potential. Description of the main character Christopher Wallace was a rapper under the names The Notorious B. I. G. ND Biggie Smalls. As he got older, his mother called him Chris, or Christopher, but to the spinsterhood kids he was Big, the name would help carry him into one of the shortest but most successful rap careers in the history of hip-hop. Dropped out of high school. He was claimed to be a very good student, winning several awards as an English student. Upon dropping out he became further involved in crime. At the time of his death on March 9, 1997, Biggie carried nearly 400 pounds, nearly 180 kilos. Themes The books intention is to get better view of what really happened to the rapper Christopher Wallace a.Its hard to believe that no one knows who killed Outpace or Biggie. The Murder of Biggie Smalls is a griping story, but much of the story was focused on other subjects. There was a whole chapter which was dedicated to the murder of Outpace Shaker, and a whole chapter which was dedicated to Puff Daddy. There was a lot of unnecessary, boring information about police structures and such that in my opinion arent interesting. Good or not, this is the only book touching on the subject of Christopher Wallachs life. Fans dont want to miss it, but casuals may want to skip it.

Passive Smoking Essays - Smoking, Passive Smoking, Tar, Cigarette

Passive Smoking What is secondhand smoke? ? Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. ? This mixture contains more than 4,000 substances, more than 40 of which are known to cause cancer in humans or animals and many of which are strong irritants. ? Secondhand smoke is also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); exposure to secondhand smoke is called involuntary smoking, or passive smoking. Passive smoking artery damage partially heals Damage to the lining of arteries of young adults caused by passive smoking partially heals 2 years after the exposure to smoke, but the artery lining is still not as healthy as the arteries of people who had never beenexposed to smoke. 60 young adults, all nonsmokers, between the ages of 15 and 39 were used as essential data for further analysis. Twenty had never been exposed to tobacco smoke at home or in the workplace for any amount of time. Another group of 20 had been passively exposed for at least 1 hour per day for 2 or more years. A third group of 20 had been exposed to smoke at home, work, or both for at least 1 hour per day for 2 years. The researchers found that dilation of the blood vessels was much better in former passive smokers than in current passive smokers, although both groups were impaired compared with nonsmoking controls. Not surprisingly, former passive smokers who had been away from smoky environments longer had better arterial function than those who had been exposed to passive smoking as recently as 2 years prior to the study. Passive smoking has been consistently linked to an increased risk for coronary heart disease and may be responsible for more than 30 cardiovascular deaths annually in the US alone, the researchers note. Secosndhand smoke is a serious health risk to children. The developing lungs of young children are also affected by exposure to secondhand smoke. Infants and young children whose parents smoke are among the most seriously affected by exposure to secondhand smoke, being at increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis. EPA estimates that passive smoking is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age annually, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year. Children exposed to secondhand smoke are also more likely to have reduced lung function and symptoms of respiratory irritation like cough, excess phlegm, and wheeze. Passive smoking can lead to buildup of fluid in the middle ear, the most common cause of hospitalization of children for an operation. Asthmatic children are especially at risk. EPA estimates that exposure to secondhand smoke increases the number of episodes and severity of symptoms in hundreds of thousands of asthmatic children. EPA estimates that between 200,000 and 1,000,000 asthmatic children have their condition made worse by exposure to secondhand smoke. Passive smoking may also cause thousands of non-asthmatic children to develop the condition each year. Pregnant women should be strongly encouraged to avoid spending time in places where people smoke, as u denoted from all the reasearch I've gone through. There was a survey made to see weather women have been exposed to passive smoking at home or at work. Women completed a questionnaire about exposure to passive smoking, then researches analyzed the data, they saw hat out of one thousand women which have given birth before and at the same time were exposed to second hand smoking, 70 women had babies with physical and/or mental disabilities. Cigarette smoke can damage your heart even if youu aren't a smoker. Research shows that the second-hand smoke that many people are exposed to is enough to produce damage to their cardiovasscular system. Researchers identsified carbon monoxide and nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke that increases the risk of heart disease. Here are a couple of examples. First, the carbon monoxide competes with oxygen in the red blood cells. It not only reduces the amount of oxygen in the heart, it also makes the heart use oxygen less efficiently. Researchers say exposure to second-hand smoke causes between 30,000 and 60,000 fatal heart attacks each year and between 90,000 and 180,000 non-fatal heart attacks. Researchers claim exposure to second-hand

Acid Reflux essays

Acid Reflux essays Millions of people suffer from Acid Reflux Disease each year. It affects the esophogus and can be fairly serious in some cases. In 1988 more than 61 million American adults said they suffer from it at least once a month. (Diagnosis Health) Acid Reflux disease, also known as Gasrtoesophagael reflux disease is a condition in which the liquid content of the stomach backs up, or refluxes, into the esophagus. This liquid usually contains pepsin, which is an enzyme that begins the digestion of protien in the stomach, and acid which is also produced in the stomach. The liquid may also contain bile from the stomach. The regurgitated liquid can eventually inflame and damage the lining of the esophagus in serious cases. The acid in the liquid is the most serious of the components. The bile and pepsin also play a role is the damage of the esophagus, but not as big a role. (Medicine net) Acid reflux is a chronic condition, once some one has it, they usually have it for life. The damage to the esophagus is also lifelong, and if a patient is treated, after the treatment ends, the damage will most likely return, so treatment will have to be used indefinetly. The disease is a complex one, with many causes, and causes may be different for every indivual. One of the most important fatcors that lead to acid reflux is the Lower esphogeal sphincter muscle. It surrounds the lower-most end of the esophagus where it joins the stomach. Two abnormalties of the mucle causes acid reflux. If the muscle is weak, it reduces the ability to prevent reflux. Another is abnormal relaxations. The relaxations allow reflux to occur more easily. The relaxations occur in patients with Acid reflux commonly after eating. Relaxations happen to people who do not have the disease, but it is much less frequent. (Medicine Net) Another contributor is Hiatal hernias. The way they contribute is unclear, but the majority of patients that h ...

Communication Concepts Reflected in Pacific Rim Movie Review

Communication Concepts Reflected in Pacific Rim - Movie Review Example In the movie review "Communication Concepts Reflected in Pacific Rim" communication concepts such as stages, strategies, relational dialectics, and self-disclosure will be examined more closely as they are applied and reflected in the aforementioned movie. The concept of stages is obviously illustrated in the characters of Becket and Mori. From the time they were introduced, the woman was already attracted to the man. Becket, on the other hand, is fascinated with the woman’s record being the best fighter so that when he saw how she combatted, she became his partner but not after a lot of consideration on the part of her foster father. Eventually, when Becket learns about Mori’s history, he sympathizes and feels for her. Soon, they formed a bond where they did not only share respect but love. As a result, they were able to combine their skills and abilities to win against the monsters, destroying the bridge which secured the kaijus. The stages in the relationship of Beck et and Mori are effective because they developed a bond that made the jaegers work together as a team. From attraction, they developed respect for each other. In the relationship of Becket and Mori, different strategies were observed. The two have been observing each other after their first encounter as they were introduced by Pentecost. Mori has been looking at Becket, perhaps wanting him to show some interest in her. On the other hand, Becket observed Mori as well especially when he was fighting to choose his partner while the woman scored his fights.

Critique of a qualitative study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critique of a qualitative study - Essay Example They will be better handle to handle the situations and help them and give them support in areas that will be most beneficial to their recovery. Moreover, the method used to collect data is compatible with the purpose of the research. The method is also adequate to address the phenomenon of interest, to document and follow whether African-American men and women utilize their support network and resources when coping with their illnesses. The type of sampling used is that 28 African-American men and women were selected from 291 men and women who had completed Health-funded studies for three National Institutes: Managing Uncertainty: Self-Help in Breast Cancer Study funded to Principal Investigator (PI) Merle Mishel, Phd, RN, FAAN; Promoting Self-Help: Underserved Women with Breast Cancer Study to PI Carrie Braden, Phd, RN, FAAN, and Managing Uncertainty in Stage B or Early Stage C Prostate Cancer Study to Mischel. The informants who were chosen were appropriate to inform the research because the 28 African men and women that were selected did not receive any type of intervention for their conditions. Some of the men were in control groups, resulting in them having to deal with their condition full-force. They would be better able to study whether they might be affected by support in coping with their illnesses because they didn't have any interventions to stop or alter the full affects of the illnesses. Additionally, the data collection is focused on human experience, and the researcher does describe the data collections used such as interviews, observation and discussion. The protection of human participants is addressed, and the saturation of the data is described in that the support findings and interviews with the participants are described in detail. The procedure for collecting data was open-interviewed with the participants, mostly in their home, in a place where they would feel comfortable. It was also stated that the interviews were began very casually, "Tell me more about your experience." This helped the interviewee relax more knowing that their experience was important enough to be heard. Another procedure used was data analysis of the participants. This helped to know what backgrounds, social status, or other areas the participants were contained within. Additionally, the researcher does address the credibility, auditability, and fittingness of the data in this research. The researcher does address that these findings are important to the welfare of the participant, thereby making it fitting for the welfare of others that are African-American men and women as well. The participants did recognize the experience as their own, and they were given ample time to fully understand the phenomenon of their cancer. Furthermore, the reader can document the researcher's experience as they read through the experiment. The researcher does document the research process very well by separating the experiences of the individuals into labeled categories, there again better enabling the

Reducing The Incidences Of Malnutrition Nursing Essay

Reducing The Incidences Of Malnutrition Nursing Essay -Reducing the incidences of malnutrition that often occurs during admission to hospital has been a priority within the nursing care profession for many years. There have been various explanations for this such as lack of staff, patients not able or are unwilling to admit they require assistance, poor use of assessment tools and care pathways. A key factor in the prevalence of patients presenting with malnourishment is the disturbances patients endure during mealtimes, such as ward rounds, non urgent medical interventions, housekeeping activities and visitors. This essay will explore the incidences of malnutrition, and those who are most at risk and the changes that have been made to reduce such incidences. Change management should be regarded as an ongoing process, which requires good communication, planning, positive leadership and cooperation. This essay will endeavor to explore the change management processes, leadership and team management skills used in the implementation of protected mealtimes. It will explore the negative aspects and problems encountered when implementing a change and the ongoing management skills required to maintain such changes. For many patients admitted to hospital, in particular the elderly, malnutrition is a common occurrence. It is the nurses fundamental duty of care to provide patients with the highest of care possible, a major requirement for any human being to survive and live a healthy life is the intake of a healthy nutritious diet, be that by conventional methods or artificial measures suitable for the patients state of health at that time (Royal College of Nursing 2007). Studies into hospital malnutrition show that as many as four out of ten elderly patients admitted to hospital are already malnourished and as a result of a hospital admission as many as six out of ten elderly patients, become malnourished, their situation worsens and their illness very often escalates (Age Concern 2006; BAPEN 2007). The NHS Improvement Plan (2004) set standards to deal with the increasing incidences of malnutrition within hospital settings; it has become apparent that these examples of good practice recommendatio ns have not been implemented in every hospital in the country, as incidences of malnutrition continue to exist. Davidson and Scholefield (2005) reports that inadequate nutrition can lead to longer hospital stays, impairs the recovery of patients and increases financial costs; several hospitals have indeed planned and implemented changes to reduce such incidences but on the whole have had limited success. The authors found that constant interruptions from drug, rounds, clinical activities and lack of nursing staff being on the ward at mealtimes (due to lunch breaks coinciding with mealtimes) all accounted for patients being provided with very little or on occasion no nutritional intake at any given mealtime. Savage and Scott (2005) does agree with this statement to some extent but argues that it is all to easy to blame nursing staff alone, it is the responsibility of each individual NHS trust to implement managerial changes and policies and ensure that they are monitored, evaluated a nd improved to provide the best care possible for each patient. Mamhidir et al (2007) argues that since the implementation of protected mealtimes in some hospitals there is substantial evidence to suggest that patients, particularly the elderly benefit immensely; patients gained weight, healing time reduced, were discharged earlier and mealtime experiences were a more pleasant experience for patients as well as nursing staff. Mooney (2008) argues that there is evidence to suggest even after hospital trusts have been presented with unarguable evidence that malnutrition is a major problem and a catalyst for longer hospital stays, only 43 percent of those trusts have not yet provided evidence that they have implemented schemes in order to reduce hunger and malnutrition. The Hospital Caterers Association (2004) further comment that mealtimes should not primarily focus on the provision of nutrition, it also makes way for social interaction between patients and carers, they further commen t that in general the quality of the food provided is not the issue, the inability of the patient to be able to feed themselves is far more the worrying issue. Council of Europe (2003) comment that hospitals should be designed to be patient centred, ensuring that the delivery of nutrition is flexible and all deliverance of care is set within a framework; all staff should work together in partnership to ensure that incidences of poor nutrition are dealt with. Repetitive reports of malnourishment is evidence enough to suggest that current practices are no longer working, change is a necessary force to ensure incidences are reduced. It is the responsibility of the leader to ensure this is tackled (Age Concern 2006). Change Management can be described as the process of developing a planned approach to change within an organisation. The objective should be to maximise the collective benefits for all stakeholders involved in the change and minimise the risk of failure implementing the change. Change involves assessment, planning and evaluation; changes in which people are nursed should always be focused on the benefits patients will receive if change is implemented (National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence, 2007). Welford (2006) writes that there are many theories which explore the need for change; the goal should be the provision of the highest quality of care, each individual involved in the delivery of such care should work together, be committed and supportive of each other during times of change. Change within a team which leads to new practices and ideas affects each individual differently; it can be a very daunting task for some and for others it is embraced to allow for personal development and the sharing of knowledge (Murphy 2006). There are many theories which uses steps or phases that can evaluate if a change is needed and if the changes that are implemented work. For the purpose of this essay the author refers to a popular theory developed by Lewin in the 1950s which requires three stages to implement effective change the acceptance and participation of all those involved in the area requiring change. The first phase, commonly referred to as the unfreezing stage of this theory requires the participants to acknowledge the need for change; evidence should be provided to encourage new thinking and beliefs about current practices. Hallpike (2008) writes that there is evidence to suggest that teams can be divided into groups who have their own individual opinion on certain regimes, practices and care deliverance. This can be said for the provision of nutrition to patients. In this particular study the author reports that some team members did not think the re was a problem with the current provision, some were not convinced that changes would be made and others did not have faith in a holistic approach across the team. In this situation it is the responsibility of the team leader to persuade all the team members that the need for change is necessary in order to provide the best service possible, that the whole team work towards a common goal. Welford (2006) discusses the second phase of Lewins theory; describing this stage as the moving stage, allowing individuals to voice their own ideas, experiment with different regimes, it allows time for reflection, to discuss positive or negative findings. Past practices may have seen some team leaders adopt the belief that employees were seen to work better when the leader provided strict job descriptions and a clear plan of what was expected of them; their opinions and ideas were not of value to the overall success of a team. Major (2002) argues that for a leader to adopt such thinking will on ly lead to flaws and a feeling of negativity within a team; the leader should adopt good communication skills and openness to allow for effective team building, positive group dynamics, all working efficiently and productively. Dennis and Morgan (2008) suggests that although change is the responsibility of the service provider, input from the service user is without doubt a valuable tool in assessing if a change is working for the greater good. Feedback, regardless of being positive or negative ascertains if the change has been a positive one. If the new change has a detrimental affect to the service user then the change has been a negative one, this requires a return to the freezing stage to allow the team to make further changes to increase the benefits to the service user. The authors further comment that managers should be seen as advocates for the service user; it should be the responsibility of the manager to challenge team members over poor practice, poor attitudes and resist ance to change for the better. Conflict within a team leads to unrest, a disbelief that change is for the greater good leading to a dysfunctional team. The third phase of Lewins theory can be commonly referred to as the refreezing stage, where new ideas and behaviours become a new or common practice. Pearce (2007) argues that to name this phase as such denotes that the change remains static, leaders should continuously strive to make changes for the better, communication across the whole team allows for individuals points of view to be exposed and discussed; feedback on how a new change is working is necessary in order to achieve the highest levels of quality care. Leadership styles become a key issue when developing, implementing and upholding change. Motivation of staff also plays a key role in the acceptance of change; leaders should demonstrate that they are a good role model, adopt a friendly attitude towards team members, accepting of criticism and be willing to provide positive feedback, when the team endeavour to believe in and implement the change (Darlington 2006). Corkindale (2009) argues that leaders need balance their role within a team to ensure that they do not become too over familiar with individual team members, as this may lead to team members relying too heavily on the leader to make all the decisions and authority may be compromised. Murphy (2006) writes that leaders need to adopt a style of leadership that suits the workforce; a laissez-faire approach can be seen as the leader not taking into account individual team members ideas, work ethics and commitment seriously, it can lead to a team feeling devalued and unorganised. The National Institute for Mental Health (2007) further suggests that leaders who show their commitment, by working alongside their colleagues, adopting and maintaining the changes themselves demonstrates a leader who is at the forefront in the deliverance of quality care. They further suggest that each leader will bring their own set of ethics, life experiences and education to a team, will often adopt their own style of leadership that may be a mixture of several styles moulded to suit the team and the area of practice they are employed to manage. Opportunities for team members to voice their opinions and concerns are invaluable; they are after all the main implementers of the change and wil l have be the first to recognise if the change has gained positive or negative results. The change can only work if leaders allow for reflection, discussion and adaptation of the change to suit each individual involved in the change process. A change that is difficult to implement or maintain will end in failure, this leads a team adopting negative feelings and a resistance to change in the future. Goleman (2000) suggests that to adopt an authoritarian approach, can at times be a positive approach to leadership especially if some team members resist change or there is a need to produce quick results. Goffee and Jones (2000) disagree with this statement and suggest that a good leader is someone who other people want to follow without bullying, threats or the fear of reprisals; they lead by communicating effectively and adopt a style of leadership that allows the team to understand what is expected of them. RCN (2007) writes that the only way malnourishment can be identified and managed effectively is with effective use of recognised screening tools.Perry (2009) argues that in many cases nursing staff are given the means and tools to assess a patient, but many are inadequately trained to understand the findings of the assessment or are unwilling to involve other health professionals in the care of the patient. A multidisciplinary approach to tackle such problems should be used. Protected mealtimes have been proven to be useful to not only the patient but to the whole care team, it allows for assessment in areas such as speech and language, mental health issues and other physical problems which can affect the nutritional intake of individuals. South Staffordshire Primary Care Trust (2009) reports that protected mealtimes affects and involves all staff within in the organisation from physiotherapists, domestic staff, maintenance staff through to outside professionals such as social worker s. It involves all areas of clinical practice where patients require nutritional intake, not only for patients who are unable to feed themselves but for those patients who require and deserve a quiet, interruption free period to eat, drink and relax. To maintain and monitor the change process and may require several attempts before the target is reached. takes time and may not always be successful first time. National Patient Safety Agency (2008) states that many clinical staff referred to the implementation of protected mealtimes as a hindrance to their daily routine, but once the benefits for patients as well as the staff members were explained they became more compliant and understanding for the need to change.

How Useful Is the Boy in Striped Pyjamas About Telling Us?

How useful is the Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in telling us about the Holocaust? The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, shows what life was like in Germany when the Nazis were taking over. The film tells us about two young boys with two different lives. The Boy in the Striiped Pyjamas is useful about some topics based in that time however it can also be unreliable in others. The Holocaust was mainly a target for Jewish people, black people, homesexuals, gypsies and the physically disabled, the mentally disabled and those involved in resistance movements against Hitler..The Jewish people were the main traget and this chatastrophe started when Hitler came into power. The holocaust was a bruital place for those people, they had no other choice but to do slave labour, such as people had to work in tunnels and starve to death. The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas explains the Age of the Victims. The film suggests that age tended to vary from young children to old men. This showed a unuseful report beca use during that time Nazis would kill those who were old of age and useless at working.This rule would automatically apply for those who were physically and mentally disabled. The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas only showed one child which meant the rest were adults. This was useful because sources show that there were the odd few of children but mainly adults in the concentration camps. This was because adults are more useful in terms of working. The film also explains the gender of the victims the film showed that there were only men in the camps. This was unreliable because other sources show that the gender also tended to vary with women also.However the sources did show that there were more men than women, so this meant men were stronger than women and could work more than women. There has been disagreement however whether or not men are stronger then women. â€Å"Men were stronger so would live longer†, I disagree with this statement because if women survived they would form a friendship with each other and therefore be able to support one another if they were sick and so could rely on each other. Also, the film showed what the work was like in the camps for a person.The film showed that people were forced to build and manufacture and they would all were the same uniform to represent that they were not and individual in the camps. The film also showed they were allowed to work outside of camps and work indoors with other families and work as a slave in their homes. This was reliable because everyone who were in the camp all had to wear the same uniform, and they did build and manufacture. But they also had to work in the tunnels , mining but mostly they worked until they died or were no longer fit to work and were sent to die.The rule that applied while working was if you could work well you would live, if not you would die. The film showed the small amount of food the people were getting. The young boy Shmall, explained the lack of food they were gett ing. The film showed Bruno bringing food to Shmall and how he ate it like a beast out of starvation. This was reliable because this represented that they did not get much to eat and some were forced to starve. Sources explains that each victim in the camp would get a slice of bread and sometime margarine and marmalade in the morning.Midday they would get potato soup and maybe a little of meat. Although the film did not show this they did show that the victims were skinny and many were starving. The film however did not show any escape from any victims in the camps. But showed that the electric fence surrounding the camp was that there was only one however sources show there were two so this meant, the Boy in the Striped Pyjamas was unreliable. Escape from the camps was almost impossible but I believe it was all done by luck. At least on stats, 802 attempted to escape and only 144 succeeded.The victims who did escape did not realise the consequences that 10 people, selected randomly, by luck, in the camp would be killed if one victim escaped from the camp. The film did not show any survival in the camp which shows that the film is unreliable. Sources show that surviving in the concentration camp had to fight against the harsh conditions they were living in. There was less food, space and less opportunity to be with friends or family. The labour was even more difficult and exhausting; there was constant punishment and stricter rules and regulations regarding every intimate detail of life.The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas also showed death in the concentration camps. They showed how men were beaten if they had done something wrong, spilt wine accidentally on the soldier and had used gas chambers to kill the people, by tricking them thinking it was a shower. This was reliable, however there were quotes made such as â€Å"Luck was the only reason people survived†, I agree with this statement because Viktor Frankl, worked as a kitchen carrier supplier, and how h e explained how he explained how without his job he wouldn't have survived by eating crumbs from the floor.There were other bruital ways of dying in the camps, some soldiers will allow you to starve to death by not giving you your breakfast or lunch, some others were immediately shot dead if they had done something wrong. I believe the Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is unuseful because it has given inaccurate accounts such as, men were the only people in these camps or no one escaped from the camps. It has however given some information such as how some people were killed in the gas chambers, but did not show how other people had died in more bruital impact other than a gas chamber.Also it has given an inaccurate account by implying that the people only worked by building and manufacuring when there were more jobs, working in the mines and dug holes for those who had lost their lives in the concentration camp. So summarising my view points I think the Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is unuse ful and unreliable, because it has shown an inaccurate account of what life was like inside the camp and in my personal opinion was much more brutal than they had shown.

A Survey of Information Technologies in Logistics Management

A Survey of Information Technologies in Logistics Management Anil Gurung University of Texas at Arlington Department of Information Systems and Operations Management, College of Business Administration Office: Room 630 Business Building Box 19437 701 S West St. Arlington, Texas 76019-0437 Voice: 817. 272. 3528 Email: [email  protected] edu ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the impact of information technologies (IT) on logistics by conducting a survey of literatures on academic logistics journals and practitioner journals.The literature survey and practice find that third party logistic providers have better opportunity to leverage IT since they need to have interoperable IT systems with their customers. The business philosophy of Just-In-Time (JIT) has also contributed to the impact of IT in logistics. Further, information technologies are identified that has benefited the logistics. Future directions of logistics are discussed. INTRODUCTION The proliferation of information technologie s (IT) and the internet technologies have provided impetus and challenges to the logistics.New technologies present new means to manage the flow of information. IT as a productivity tool can be utilized to both increase the capability and decrease the cost at the same time (Closs et al. , 1997). It has been widely accepted that firms can achieve competitive advantage by cost reduction or differentiation with the proper implementation of IT (Porter & Millar, 1985). Enabled by IT the logistics has become a source of competitive advantage for many firms. Two streams of research are identified that highlights the role of IT in logistics.First stream relates to just-in-time logistics information system (Anderson & Quinn, 1986; Bookbinder & Dilts, 1989; Das & Handfield, 1997; Gomes & Mentzer, 1988; Perry, 1988; Schwarz & Weng, 2000; Spencer, M. S. et al. , 1994; Spencer, M. S. et al. , 1996; Takahashi & Nakamura, 2000; Titone, 1996; Wafa & Yasin, 1996). The other stream is the third party logistics (Lewis & Talalayevsky, 2000; Peters et al. , 1998; Sauvage, 2003; Sink & Langley, 1997; Vaidyanathan, 2005). Importance of IT in logistics has grown to some extent by business philosophy of Just-InTime (JIT) by firms.With the emphasis of firms on JIT, the impact of logistics has grown as it is increasingly recognized as a source of consistent, low lead time, damage free deliveries (Bardi et al. , 1994). In pursuit of competitive advantages, firms outsource their functions which are noncore competencies so that they can focus on their core competencies. A recent survey found that 83 percent of the surveyed Fortune 500 companies reported having at least one contract with a third-party logistics provider (Lieb & Bentz, 2004).Over the years, the use of third-party logistics has been increasing. Similar survey of Fortune 500 companies taken in 1991 had only 38 percent of the respondents reporting the use of third-party logistics provider (Lieb, 1992). The 618 third party logis tic operators attempt to harness the capability of information technology to provide superior services to their customers. The objective of this paper is to study how IT has impacted logistics. To this end, literature review of both leading academic and practitioner logistic journals is conducted.The next section will report the framework of logistics. The following section will analyze the IT enablers in logistics. Then, the implications of ecommerce are discussed followed by a section on future directions for logistics. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE A classification scheme logistics functions provides a meaningful way to study how IT has impacted the various functions of logistics. Previous research in logistics have categorized the use of information systems in logistics in different ways.A system of logistics functions can be divided into following five broad areas (Bowersox, 1974): facility location, transportation, inventory, communication and material movement. Based on the proble m areas that application addresses, seven areas of logistics has been identified as facility location, inventory control, order entry, vehicle scheduling, warehouse layout planning, freight rate retrieval, and product and shipment tracing (Ballou, 1976). Another survey identified five categories as facility location, inventory control, transportation, production scheduling, and total physical distribution (House, 1978).These categories treated each category as individual entities rather than a whole system. Noting this shortcoming, Stenger (1986) proposed another classification consisting of transaction systems, short-term scheduling and inventory replenishment systems, flow planning systems, and network planning and design systems. Expanding on the framework developed by Bowersox, Novack et al (1992) divided logistics function into two categories. The first category refers to physical activities that are required various utilities of customer need.These will include inventory, tran sportation and customer service operations. The second category refers to flow of information or transaction activities that follow or initiate the physical activities. The physical and information flows in logistics function is well-depicted in Figure 1 that shows the categorization of logistics functions as described by Vaidyanathan (2005). As shown in the figure, information flows between logistics function are managed, coordinated and supported by various logistics technologies. 619Inventory and Logistics Management: – Freight Consolidation – Freight Distribution – Shipment Planning – Traffic Management – Inventory Management – Carrier Selection – Order Entry/ Management Information Flow Customer Service: – Freight Payments – Auditing – Order Management – Fulfillment – Help Desk – Carrier Selection – Rate Negotiation Information Flow Warehousing: – Packaging – Product Making – Labeling – Warehousing Material Flow Transportation: – Fleet Management – Cross Docking – Product Return Figure 1: Categorization of Logistics Functions (adapted from Vaidyanathan 2005)IT enablers in Logistics The literature in logistics is full of instances where information technology has been touted as a means to enhance logistics competitiveness (Bowersox, 1974; Closs et al. , 1997; Rabinovich et al. , 1999; Stenger, 1986). Yet there has been few empirical studies that relates logistics information capabilities to logistics competence (Closs et al. , 1997). A popular framework in information systems discipline put forward by Gorry & Morton (1989) place logistics decisions as structured and varying from operational to strategic.The role of logistics information systems as operational and strategic enablers in different areas of the firm’s supply chain has been stated in the literature (Langley et al. , 1988). There has been a shi ft of IT from being an enabler of operational and material handling functions to being an enabler of decision-making and activityplanning functions within the supply chain (La Londe & Auker, 1973). Logistics Information System Logistics Information System (LIS) is the application component of logistics information technology. An effective LIS facilitates the proper information flow between inventory, 20 Information Flow warehousing and transportation to realize the high level of customer service. The ability to optimize the logistics cost and service levels is affected by the LIS of the firm and its partners. Firms that provide better logistics services at a lower cost can have competitive advantage over its competitors (Bardi et al. , 1994). Two classes of LIS has been recognized in the literature (Closs et al. , 1997). Logistics operating systems (LOS) refer to transactional applications such as order entry, order processing, warehousing, and transportation.Logistics planning syst ems (LPS) refer to coordinating applications such as forecasting, inventory management, and distribution requirements planning. EDI Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) has successfully enhanced the communication between firms which is essential for logistics. This technology requires firms to have common data formatting and transmission standards or protocols. Such technologies have been employed by companies to coordinate their value chain activities including logistics. Early applications of EDI has been on transmitting vehicle location information by railways to their customers.Other types of logistics information carried by EDI are purchase orders/releases and changes, advanced shipping notices, bills of lading, and invoices. Timely and accurate information is crucial in decision making about complex logistics problems. Japan Airlines (JAL) adopted EDI to manage their complex value chain logistics required for their operations, including procurement and just-in-time delivery of ai rcraft fuel, repair and maintenance aircraft parts, food catering and other customer requirements (Chatfield & Bjorn-Andersen, 1997).The competitive advantage gained by companies employing EDI is cited in the literature. Firms utilizing EDI were better able to fulfill greater number of services to their customers (Rogers et al. , 1992). Bar coding Bar coding is one of the most IT enablers to date and has made significant impact in the practice. Starting in 1960’s some of the earliest implementation of bar codes were in rail road cars. Nowadays it is rampant in anything that needs to be identified and tracked. The different type of bar codes are available, known as symbologies, for different purposes.In practice, most firms prefer to use industry standards rather than proprietary standards for most of their bar codes on their products. By following industry standards, bar codes reduce the complications inherent in the use of multiple standards and thus provides a strong founda tion for integrating the corporate logistics and the supply chain (Closs & Kefeng, 2000). Real-time communications capability The logistics IT capability of real-time communications is essential for maintaining the flow of information.As noted by Dudley & Lasserre (1989), one of the important roles of logistics IT is to substitute information for inventory. To make real-time tracking of goods, logistic information systems of business partners should have real-time communications capability. The business partners require an integrated messaging architecture which exchanges business data while customizing business flows and format transformation. Real-time communications also allows for schedule plans to change in dynamic routing and scheduling system when the vehicles are 621 already out on the road.Any last minute changes in routing and scheduling system or constant tracking has been possible only with real-time communications ability of the respective systems. RFID RFID helps to id entify, track and locate items automatically. The use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is expected to increase rapidly in coming years. Often referred to as the next step in the evolution of bar-coding, RFID is growing rapidly in the automatic data capture and identification market (Srivastava, 2004). RFID is not a new technology, in fact, its use dates back to 1940’s but only now it is starting to make a significant impact within the supply chain.The growth in use of RFID will be enhanced to some extent by mandates from large retailers such as Wal-Mart and Target, and the US Department of Defense, who require their suppliers to adopt this technology within the next few years (Asif & Mandviwalla, 2005). Among the companies that are piloting RFID in their supply chain management prominent ones are WalMart, Procter & Gamble, Coca-cola and Gillette. Although the biggest driver in the popularity of RFID has been supply chain, companies are experimenting in other applicati ons as well.Other applications are theft detection, asset tracking, mobile payments, in-process inventory tracking and luggage tracking. Dell, Seagate, Boeing and Ford are among other companies that are using RFID to track their in-process inventory in manufacturing. An RFID system includes transponders or tags that can identify items ; antennas that allows tags to be interrogated and to respond; and software that controls the RFID equipment, manages the data and interfaces with enterprise applications. RFID has lots of potential to improve the efficiency in the supply chain and reduce waste.For example, efficiency would result from automatic update of inventory system when products with RFID tags are unloaded from trucks into stores. The advantages of RFID over bar coding are as follows: RFID tags can provide longer read distances; store more data; require no direct line of sight between tag and reader; and can collect data from multiple sources simultaneously (Asif & Mandviwalla, 2005). There are some technical and business challenges to overcome before RFID can be ubiquitous. Technical issues include problems of interference, security and accuracy while business issues relate to costs and lack of standards.Another significant business challenge in adopting RFID faced by managers is to work out a business case for the executive board. Early adopters of these technologies are marred by problems such as possible adverse consumer outbursts to perceived invasion of privacy, reliability of the RFID system, and issues related to health, safety and IT integration. IMPLICATION OF ECOMMERCE ON LOGISTICS The growth of ecommerce pose opportunities and challenges for logistics. As internet retailing increases the companies are accepting orders from their clientele across the borders.In many instances the location of clients are not covered by any existing distribution system of the companies. On such occasions the companies have no resort but to turn towards third party logistics operators for physical flow of goods. As for the information flow, the companies need to have capabilities for ecommerce applications. The group of technologies and processes for coordinating logistics information flow has been named e-logistics. An important web 622 technology that facilitates the exchange of business data among logistics business partners across different platforms is extra markup language (XML).For example, UPS is exploiting the power of the web services to streamline its information flows for logistics activities such as RFQ, shipping and tracking. Changing Trends in Logistics Consultants are beginning to take an active part in helping out the shippers select third party logistics operators. Shippers hire consultants to help them align business processes with supply chain strategies. The newly coined term â€Å"4PL† for consultants stands for dominant role that consultants will be taking in managing the resources, the technology and the process es in the supply chain.It is yet to be seen whether the shippers will let the consultants manage all the logistics processes. Instead of handing over the authority to manage the logistics processes to the consulting firms, shippers may choose to develop alliance with the third party logistics operators and maintain the supply chain themselves. The key thing that will allow coordination between shipper firms and the third party logistics will be information technology and management skills to run the supply chain effectively. This implies that firms should also have proper logistic technologies in place to enjoy the full benefits of use of third party logistics.FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS The research directions that are available for researchers in logistics are numerous. Before companies implement new logistic information technologies such as RFID it is important to assess the viability of adopting the technology. What would be the expected benefits? What is the ROI? Researchers can come up with various econometric models to predict the outcomes of adopting logistics technologies. Modeling techniques can be used to assess the scenarios that would be beneficial for adopting new technologies.As companies are entering into ecommerce, better coordinating techniques are required to streamline logistics activities for transactions taking place on the internet. Collaborative technologies for supporting e-logistics would greatly enhance the future logistics. Multi-agent systems (MAS) provide an interesting avenue of research that is applicable for supporting logistics technologies on the internet. Intelligent software agents can be used to assess the bids offered by multiple third-party logistics operators. To support global ecommerce the companies need to have different options for global logistics.The best way to traverse the geographical distribution is through technology. What are the communication channels and technologies that would benefit the company in terms of monitoring and coordination logistics functions? More empirical evidence will be preferred to establish the direct link between organizational performance and logistics information systems. Researchers can seek to examine the complex relationships between logistics technologies and performance from different paradigms and theories. The perspective of organizational learning can be used to evaluate the performance gained by employing logistics information systems. 23 CONCLUSION The objective of this paper was to observe the impact of information technology on the logistics functions. A literature review of the academic and practitioners journals was conducted. The information technologies that have been used to support logistics functions were discussed. It is evident that academic researchers are aware of new technologies in practice such as RFID. Development in technologies offer sources of competitive advantage for companies. Adoption of new technologies provide challenge and o pportunities for the companies.Proper business case and calculation of ROI needs to be done to assess the expected benefits from new technologies. Changing trends in business in terms of ecommerce open new markets for firms for all sizes to expand their market share. Strategic use of information resource would bear results of competitive advantage and thus leading to success stories. The best practices in logistic information technologies need to be adopted by firms in alignment of their strategic goals. Future trends in logistics may prompt companies to rethink their logistics strategies.Firms may choose to use third party logistics in order to focus on their core competencies. However, firms need to have logistics information systems in place that is compatible with the third party operators in order to fully benefit from their services. REFERENCES Anderson, D. L. & Quinn, R. J. 1986, â€Å"The Role of Transportation in Long Supply Line Just-InTime Logistics Channels â€Å", Jou rnal of Business Logistics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 68-88. Asif, Z. & Mandviwalla, M. 2005, â€Å"Integrating the Supply Chain with RFID: a Technical and Business Analysis†, Communications of the AIS, vol. 15, pp. 393-427. Ballou, R. H. 976, â€Å"Computer Methods in Transportation-Distribution†, Transportation Journal, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 72-85. Bardi, E. J. , Raghunathan, T. S. & Bagchi, P. K. 1994, â€Å"Logistics information systems: The strategic role of top management†, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 7185. Bookbinder, J. H. & Dilts, D. M. 1989, â€Å"Logistics Information Systems in a Just-In-Time Environment â€Å", Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 50-67. Bowersox, D. J. 1974, Logistics Management: A Systems Integration of Physical Distribution Management and Materials Management, Macmillan Publishing, New York, NY.Chatfield, A. T. & Bjorn-Andersen, N. 1997, â€Å"The impact of IOS-enabled business process change on bus iness outcomes: Transformation of the Value Chain of Japan Airlines†, Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 13-40. Closs, D. J. & Kefeng, X. 2000, â€Å"Logistics information technology practice in manufacturing and merchandising firms† An international benchmarking study versus world class logistics firms†, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 869-86. 624 Closs, D. J. , Goldsby, T.J. & Clinton, S. R. 1997, â€Å"Information technology influences on world class logistics capability†, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 4-17. Das, A. & Handfield, R. B. 1997, â€Å"Just-in-time and logistics in global sourcing: An empirical study†, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 27, no. 3/4, pp. 244-59. Dudley, L. & Lasserre, P. 1989, â€Å"Information as a Substitute for Inventories â€Å" , European Economic Review, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 67-88. Gomes, R. & Mentzer, J. T. 988, â€Å"A Systems Approach to the Investigation of Just-In-Time â€Å", Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 71-88. Gorry, G. A. & Morton, M. S. S. 1989, â€Å"A Framework for Management Information Systems†, Sloan Management Review, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 49-61. House, R. G. 1978, â€Å"Computer Models in Distribution Management†, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 129-52. La Londe, B. J. & Auker, K. 1973, â€Å"A Survey of Computer Applications and Practices in Transportation and Distribution†, International Journal of Physical Distribution, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 92-301. Langley, C. J. , Carlisle, D. P. , Probst, S. B. , Biggs, D. F. & Cail, R. E. 1988, â€Å"Microcomputers as a Logistics Information Strategy†, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 11-7. Lewis, I. & Talalayevsky, A. 2000, â⠂¬Å"Third-Party Logistics: Leveraging Information Technology â€Å", Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 173-85. Lieb, R. C. 1992, â€Å"The use of third-party logistics services by large American manufacturers†, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 29-42. Lieb, R. C. & Bentz, B. A. 004, â€Å"The Use of Third-Party Logistics Services by Large American Manufacturers: The 2003 Survey†, Transportation Journal, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 24-33. Novack, R. A. , Rinehart, L. M. & Wells, M. V. 1992, â€Å"Rethinking concept foundations in logistics management†, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 233-67. Perry, J. H. 1988, â€Å"Firm Behavior and Operating Performance in Just-In-Time Logistics Channels â€Å", Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 19-33. Peters, M. J. , Lieb, R. C. & Randall, H. L. 1998, â€Å"The use of third-party logistics services by European industry†, Transport Logistics, vol. , no. 3, p p. 167-79. Porter, M. E. & Millar, V. E. 1985, â€Å"How information gives you competitive advantage†, Harvard Business Review, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 149-60. Rabinovich, E. , Windle, R. , Dresner, M. & Corsi, T. 1999, â€Å"Outsourcing of integrated logistics functions†, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 353-73. Rogers, D. S. , Daugherty, P. J. & Stank, T. P. 1992, â€Å"Enhancing service responsiveness: the strategic potential of EDI†, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 15-20.Sauvage, T. 2003, â€Å"The relationship between technology and logistics third-party providers†, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 236-53. Schwarz, L. B. & Weng, Z. K. 2000, â€Å"The Design of a JIT Supply Chain: The Effect of Leadtime Uncertainty on Safety Stock â€Å", Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 231-52. 625 Sink, H. L. & Langley, J. C. J. 1997, â€Å"A managerial framework for the acquisition of third-party logistics services†, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 18, p. 163. Spencer, M. S. , Dale, S. R. & Patricia, J.D. 1994, â€Å"JIT Systems and External Logistics Suppliers†, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 6074. Spencer, M. S. , Daugherty, P. J. & Rogers, D. S. 1996, â€Å"Logistics support for JIF implementation†, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 701-14. Srivastava, B. 2004, â€Å"Radio frequency ID technology: The next revolution in SCM†, Business Horizons, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 60-8. Stenger, A. J. 1986, â€Å"Information Systems in Logistics Management: Past, Present, and Future†, Transportation Journal, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 5-82. Takahashi, K. & Nakamura, N. 2000, â€Å"Reactive logistics in a JIT environment†, Production Planning & Contro l, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 20-31. Titone, R. 1996, â€Å"Moving Beyond JIT to Logistics Planning†, IIE Solutions, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 22-4. Vaidyanathan, G. 2005, â€Å"A Framework for Evaluating Third-Party Logistics†, Communications of the ACM, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 89-94. Wafa, M. A. & Yasin, M. M. 1996, â€Å"The impact of supplier proximity on JIT success: an informational perspective†, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 23-34. 626